Pathophysiology of Mesothelioma

One of the hilarious and malignant rare found cancer diseases is Mesothelioma. This disease is caused most of the time because of exposure to the asbestos. There are different conditions of Mesothelioma and different types depending upon which organ of the human body is affected. Mostly lungs or abdomen are the targets of Mesothelioma and it is caused as affecting the pleura, the outer lining of organs in body. Some of the symptoms that might appear after Mesothelioma are shortening of breath, pain inside walls of chest or pleural effusion. Some people think of Mesothelioma is caused because of smoking but that’s not the reason but it can severe the condition of ailment working as catalyst. Different techniques are sued to identify whether disease is present or not. Its identification is tough because its symptoms are similar to many of the other conditions. Different techniques or ways that can be adopted to identify are X-Ray, CT scan or biopsy etc.
Let’s talk about pathophysiology or physiopathology of Mesothelioma. Pathophysiology is actually conjunction of pathology and physiology. Pathology is the discipline in which symptoms of a particular disease are observed and in case of physiology is actually the physical operations or mechanisms operating within the organ so pathophysiology is actually the damages or changes within the organs caused during the ailment. In case of Mesothelioma single layer of flattened to cuboidal cells forming lining inside the cavities of organs of body including peritoneal, pericardial and pleural cavities are generated. Asbestos fibers are carried away through parenchyma to the lungs resulting the penetration of visceral pleura and results in malignant Mesothelioma.
Not only limited to the lungs, asbestos fibers are transported to the abdomen from lungs via lymphatic system and might be deposited in the gut after the ingestion of the sputum to the asbestos fibers. So the main cause to the lungs cancer is pleural contamination with asbestos or other mineral fibers exposed to the body. Different types of fibers are included in damaging the organs but some of them like blue asbestos and amphibole fibers are more drastic than feathery fiber or white asbestos. One more thing about these particles causing the cancer is that smaller particles are more devastating than larger particles because these are held suspended in air and can be easily inhaled to the lungs as compared to the larger particles.

Experiments have demonstrated that asbestos acts as carcinogen with development of mesothelial cells developing with different stages and transforming Mesothelioma to malignant Mesothelioma. Transformation to malignant Mesothelioma pleural cells remain unclear despite the demonstration of its oncogenic capabilities. Analysis of the interaction between DNA and asbestos molecules have revealed that in some cases asbestos fibers are attached with chromosomes and mostly adhering to the chromatin fibers and entangling within chromosomes. This entangled relation between chromosomes and asbestos molecules can cause abnormalities like monosomy of chromosomes 22, 1p,2p,9p etc. all such abnormalities are  responsible for gene in mesothelioma cells lining including deletion of the tumor suppressor genes and their destruction.    

Diagnosis of Mesothelioma

Mesothelioma is one of the malignant, dangerous and rare found cancer diseases. There are many reasons causing this disease, main cause of this disease is asbestos. Main target of this disease is pleura the outer lining of organs of human body and internal walls of chest another place that can undergo mesothelioma is peritoneum, the abdominal activity. Some people think as smoking the cause of Mesothelioma but it’s not the actual cause of but it can severe it. Symptoms of Mesothelioma doesn’t appear so viral instead very lame and negligible. Some of the symptoms that can appear are shortness of breath, pleural effusion and pain inside chest etc. different diagnosis methods are used like CT-scan, X-Ray or Biopsy etc.

We are going to discuss about some of the methods used for diagnosis of Mesothelioma. Diagnosis of Mesothelioma is not that easy because symptoms of this ailment are similar to many of the other diseases. The very first thing physician have to do is to go for lookup of medical history of patient if it had been exposed to asbestos then suspicion of Mesothelioma increases. Another way to diagnose is X-Ray of chest or lung function tests are being done. X-Ray can show thicken walls because of Mesothelioma commonly due to exposure to the asbestos.
If a large amount of fluid is present then CT scan of MRI test can be performed. Cytopathology can be used to detect the presence of cells filled with fluid and when fluid is aspirated with syringe. Just like for fluid in pleural tube thoracostomy is used as chest tube. In case of worse or malignant Mesothelioma, cytology doesn’t completely exclude Mesothelioma instead it worsen the case especially when alternative diagnosis is adopted can be responsible for tuberculosis or heart failure.
One of the method for diagnosis of Mesothelioma in case of malignant or severe case is Biopsy. There are different ways for biopsy it depends in which area the cancer lies. Doctor takes some of the cell of abnormal area and examines under microscope if chest cancer is present the physician may undergo thoracoscopy. For this procedure doctor makes a small cut between two ribs of chest and passes a little lightening tube inside it to examine the chest inside. This helps the physician to have deep observation about what’s going on inside or surgeon might go for direct chest opening or thoracotomy. In case when cancer lies in abdomen laparoscopy is performed. Similarly for laparoscopy a hole inside the abdomen is made and tube is inserted inside to have observation from inside, if no proper cells are obtained further surgery might needed for better diagnosis.
Another way to differentiate between malignant Mesothelioma and neoplastic mimics is immunohistochemical studies that play an important role for pathologist. Different types of immunochemistry are used for this purpose depending upon which part of the body is affected by cancer. Numerous tests and panels are available for this purpose. Not a particular test is chosen for distinguishing perfectly the malignant Mesothelioma from carcinoma. Different cancer centers use different panels because no particular FDA is approved yet for immunochemistry. 

Main causes of Mesothelioma

One of the most malignant and dangerous cancer type is Mesothelioma cancer. This disease is developed from cells of mesothelium that is actually outer lining of most of the organs of human body. There are different types of Mesothelioma depending upon which organ is affected by this cancer but in most cases Mesothelioma is found in pleura, the outer lining of lungs and internal chest walls. These are main targets made by mesothelial cells but it can also affect to other organs like esophagus or stomach etc. symptoms of this cancer doesn’t appear so early and are ignored y patients because these are so mild. Some people think of this as result of smoking tobacco but it’s not basically result of smoking but smoking can worsen the case. Little symptoms of this disease are shortness of breath, pleural effusion and chest pain etc. Maximum chance of patients survivor are if cancer is diagnosed in early stages before its too late. Different techniques and tests are taken to diagnose the ailment like X-Ray, CT scan or surgery etc.

We’ll talk about the causes of Mesothelioma and reasons why an individual gets affected. Main cause of Mesothelioma found is asbestos, people who work on such places where they inhale asbestos that can cause Mesothelioma. It’s the main cause found indisputably of Mesothelioma cancer but there are also many other causes of Mesothelioma instead of asbestos like inhaling of fibrous silicates, irradiation, Thorotrast etc. no doubt asbestos is found major cause of malignant Mesothelioma in most of the cases in USA but other things that are related to this cancer are mentioned can cause serious Mesothelioma. In case of animal Mesothelioma, simian virus 40 (SV40) is also found to be as a cofactor in development of Mesothelioma but in case of human its not confirmed yet and is inconclusive.
Asbestos was known to be in antiquity and was not used on major level in industry commercially but later on in late 19th century after world war-II its use was viral and on commercial level so many of the American workers of that place were found of asbestos exposed and lately developed Mesothelioma especially the workers of shipyard side. People who work on such places that are exposed to asbestos, mines, mills, workers in heating and other construction industries are under the supervision of US occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and US EPA. These both institutions are responsible for regulation on permissible exposure limits and protections of workers. All these institutions are working under the government supervision are take action against the industries which don’t follow the regulations made by these institutions and their cross their restricted boundaries. Also in British Government have established the department of Health and Safety Executive (HSE) that is responsible to hold the permissible amount of asbestos and safety of workers. Intensity of Mesothelioma depends upon the intensity of asbestos present in air, high intensity can cause lungs cancer too and other main thing to remember is the time one remains under the influence of asbestos air.

Everything About Migraine

We are gonna discuss about neurological disorder named as migraine. It is a type of headache. All that its connected with human nervous system. There are many symptoms of this disease including influenza, fever, tension, vomiting etc. it last almost for three days. If you do any physical activity while you are suffering from migraine you will get it worse. In this case you have to get rest and maintain your blood pressure to some normal level. We can also talk about many symptoms before you are gonna be victim of migraine including unpleasant mode, language, sensations, signals etc. these things give you predictions of migraine. There are no proper causes of migraine but a few known reasons are neurological disorder and brainstem. In case of pregnancy risk of migraine is decreased. In general estimation almost every person in life has 15% chance of migraine. Vomiting or influenza or sensitivity to both light and sound, pain intensity, physical sensitivity and pulsating.

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Signs And Symptoms

Typically, migraine has symptoms depending upon the severity of the disease. Most of the patients of migraine have aura conditions with them. All of it depends upon the frequency of the disease and attacks of the pain with durations.status migrainosus  is the commonly known migraine and it ha duration of almost 3 days. There are different conditions and levels of migraine. Here we will discuss about a few here. First is prodrome and it happens right after the headache occurs. Second stage is aura. After aura headache phase starts and  pain is caused. Fourth stage is postdrome here is the end of migraine attack. There are many different underlying causes of migraine. No particular causes but anxiety, bipolar disorder and depressions are the main reasons for this disease.

Cause

There are many different underlying causes of migraine. No particular causes but anxiety, bipolar disorder and depressions are the main reasons for this disease. Also there are some mysterious suspicions that it occurs mostly in intelligent persons but it’s not true at all. There is no any logic or perception after this supposition. Another logic about the disease is that it is caused by environmental effects and also due to genetic features. Genes disorder is also a reason for migraine. As far as genetic concern we have to say that studies have revealed that chance of migraine in twins is much increased as compared to the singular. Hemiplegic migraine is a type of migraine with aura. Hunger for long time and stress on your mind are big masterminds for migraine.

Diagnosis

There are many symptoms of this disease including influenza, fever, tension, vomiting etc. it last almost for three days. If you do any physical activity while you are suffering from migraine you will get it worse. In this case you have to get rest and maintain your blood pressure to some normal level. We can also talk about many symptoms before you are gonna be victim of migraine including unpleasant mode, language, sensations, signals etc. According to international society of migraine there are five steps for identification. Vomiting or influenza or sensitivity to both light and sound, pain intensity, physical sensitivity and pulsating. We can also talk about many symptoms before you are gonna be victim of migraine including unpleasant mode, language, sensations, signals etc.

Everything About Human Joints

A joint is a location of bones connection. It is classified functionally and structurally. Structurally it can be discuss as the connection of bones with each other and functionally we discuss about the angle when bones are twisted. While talking about different terms, suffix sis stands for singular joint and ses stands for plural case. We can also classify joints structurally in three part including fibrous joints, cartilaginous joints and synovial joints. Fibrous joints is clearly the joint of collagen fibbers and joined by tissues. Second type of joints that is cartilaginous its caused by cartilage. Third and the last type of joints that is synovial joints. In this case there is not direct connection among the bones they are connected indirectly and irregular tissues are untied. Now we’ll discuss about functionality of joints and there are classifications of this category too. Three types are synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis and diarthrosis. In first case there is very little mobility almost nothing likely but in second case that is amphiarthrosis there is slight mobility of joints and movement. In case of diarthrosis there is free movement. All main joints of human body relate to this category including shoulder, knee and hip.we can also classify them according to the movement of the ajoints in axis. Either it’s uniaxial, biaxial or multiaxial.

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Classifications

Joints are classified functionally and structurally. Structurally it can be discuss as the connection of bones with each other and functionally we discuss about the angle when bones are twisted. We can also classify joints structurally in three part including fibrous joints, cartilaginous joints and synovial joints. Fibrous joints is clearly the joint of collagen fibbers and joined by tissues. Second type of joints that is cartilaginous its caused by cartilage. Third and the last type of joints that is synovial joints. In this case there is not direct connection among the bones they are connected indirectly and irregular tissues are untied. we’ll discuss about functionality of joints and there are classifications of this category too. Three types are synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis and diarthrosis. In first case there is very little mobility almost nothing likely but in second case that is amphiarthrosis there is slight mobility of joints and movement. In case of diarthrosis there is free movement. All main joints of human body relate to this category including shoulder, knee and hip.we can also classify them according to the movement of the ajoints in axis. Either it’s uniaxial, biaxial or multiaxial.

Joints Disorder

Joints disorder or scientifically known as arthropathy singularly known as arthritis. Arthritis is actually when joints are in disorder and not located to there proper place where they should be located. We have classified arthritis in different types. There are mono arthritis and multi arthritis. Most common type of arthritis is osteoarthritis. Its because of trauma and joints are weaker it can also be due to aging factor. Many other forms of arthritis are psoriatic, rheumatic and autoimmune. Gouty arthritis is also well known arthritis and it is caused by deposition of uric acid in human body. In case of osteoarthritis there is inflammation caused by joints. It is actually worse case of inflammation causing swelling, redness and tends hot. If a particular level of uric acid is increased in blood of human body in that case gout is caused.  There is decline of pyrophosphate crystals and joints are inflamed. There are different ways for the treatment of joints using medication and surgery.

Everything About Hepatitis

Hepatitis is a name of disease, this word is derived from Greek language which means inflammation of liver, this disease is basically all about liver problem. Sometimes there are no symptoms of hepatitis but a few common sign include jaundice, also malaise and patient feels poor appetite. There are many reasons and causes of this ailment including poor diet, wrong medication, unsterilized equipment and tools, alcohol and autoimmune ailments. Initially there are no such symptoms for this ailment just like influenza that is a very common viral infection, malaise, muscles stretchiness etc. but with the passage of time and not having treatment conditions get worse and signs get worse and improvised. Then serious symptoms like joint aches, malaise, eye side weakens, pale complexion, skin problems, dark urine and pale eyes are the symptoms in case of worse hepatitis. Enlarging lymph nodes and acute liver failure are worse scenarios of hepatitis. For the prevention of hepatitis. Different vaccines are available for the prevention of hepatitis A and B.  vaccines for hepatitis B are authentic and available for every age group but in case of hepatitis A vaccines are not authenticated for children of age less the one year. There are many reasons and causes of this ailment including poor diet, wrong medication, unsterilized equipment and tools, alcohol and autoimmune ailments. Initially there are no such symptoms for this ailment just like influenza that is a very common viral infection, malaise, muscles stretchiness etc. For the prevention of hepatitis. Different vaccines are available for the prevention of hepatitis A and B.  vaccines for hepatitis B are authentic and available for every age group but in case of hepatitis A vaccines are not authenticated for children of age less the one year.

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Causes

There are many reasons and causes of this ailment including poor diet, wrong medication, unsterilized equipment and tools, alcohol and autoimmune ailments. Initially there are no such symptoms for this ailment just like influenza that is a very common viral infection, malaise, muscles stretchiness etc. but with the passage of time and not having treatment conditions get worse and signs get worse and improvised. There are different types of hepatitis and viruses hepatitis A, B, C, D and E. hepatitis B Is necessary required for a disease. Other causes include alcoholic, metabolic distortions, medications and drugs.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis can be done after judging the symptoms. It’s the main thing you have to first otherwise there are many ways to identify the disease of hepatitis just like blood tests, imaging, serology and also these days most commonly used test is nucleic acid testing. After the results of these tests we can judge the output and abnormalities in blood chemistry and enzymes are indicative of the disease. As we talk about imaging, anyhow imaging can’t completely indicate liver for this we need liver biopsy. Sometimes other problems of liver are caught in the tests but for that we need to have complete scenario of the conditions.

Prevention

For the prevention of hepatitis. Different vaccines are available for the prevention of hepatitis A and B.  vaccines for hepatitis B are authentic and available for every age group but in case of hepatitis A vaccines are not authenticated for children of age less the one year. Different age groups have different immunity level so they have to take medicine in different ways according to the age limits. For the age groups of 40 plus immunity level is much less so they get less response to these vaccines. 95% of age group are adults and younger. When a child is born , after its birth within time of 24 hours he must be vaccinated to avoid the danger of this disease to be affected.

Everything About Diabetes

What is Diabetes ?

Diabetes or scientifically know diabetes mellitus is a disease caused because of increment of sugar in human blood. There are different logical and underground reasons for this disease. Some of the main are the lack of insulin produced by pancreas or because of the organs not working properly in using insulin. There are different stages of diabetes. During acute stages of diabetes there are different symptoms like thirst, increased urination with different intervals, increased hunger. These are acute conditions of diabetes but in case of severe and long term diabetes serious conditions of heart disease, eye blindness and kidney failure are common. There are 3 main types of diabetes well known these days including IDDM or ‘insulin dependent diabetes mellitus’. Secondly when ever cells don’t use insulin properly also with an absolute insulin deficiency. This form is also referred to as NIDDN ‘non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus’. In third case gestational diabetes when a pregnant women diagnosis high sugar level in blood. Proper diet, exercise, running, light weight and eating healthy fruits can eradicate more causes of diabetes. For treatment conditions of the disease and its severity is noticed. For stage one diabetes, patients can cured using insulin injections. For patients of second stage medication is the nominated tool to control the disease. For third case and In severe conditions, we need pancreas transplant. Some serious patient undergo bypass and kidney transplant. Bypass is need in most cases of obesity. 90% of the cases are suggested to be type 2.

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Symptoms

There are different variant symptoms and signs for this disease. There are different stages of diabetes. During acute stages of diabetes there are different symptoms like thirst, increased urination with different intervals, increased hunger. These are acute conditions of diabetes but in case of severe and long term diabetes serious conditions of heart disease, eye blindness and kidney failure are common. Symptoms of this ailment increase rapidly with the time. Prolonged blood pressure in high phase can damage you to the eye blindness and migraine. These days it is said that mostly fat people are caused by this disease but it’s not true to any extent. It can be to any physical appearing person. Obesity is not the reason. These are acute conditions of diabetes but in case of severe and long term diabetes serious conditions of heart disease, eye blindness and kidney failure are common. There are 3 main types of diabetes well known these days including IDDM or ‘insulin dependent diabetes mellitus’. Secondly when ever cells don’t use insulin properly also with an absolute insulin deficiency.

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Treatment

Treatment of this disease is done according to the situation of the disease. Proper diet, exercise, running, light weight and eating healthy fruits can eradicate more causes of diabetes. For treatment conditions of the disease and its severity is noticed. For stage one diabetes, patients can cured using insulin injections. For patients of second stage medication is the nominated tool to control the disease. For third case and In severe conditions, we need pancreas transplant. Some serious patient undergo bypass and kidney transplant. Bypass is need in most cases of obesity. These are acute conditions of diabetes but in case of severe and long term diabetes serious conditions of heart disease, eye blindness and kidney failure are common. There are 3 main types of diabetes well known these days including IDDM or ‘insulin dependent diabetes mellitus’. Secondly when ever cells don’t use insulin properly also with an absolute insulin deficiency.

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Everything About Cancer

Malignant neoplasia is medically known name of cancer. Cancer is a very common known word and one of the most deadly disease of all time. Cancer is basically caused because of the blood cells irregular and numerous generation. There are over 200 different types of cancer known these days. In this disease blood cells cause tumors formation. Tumors are actually formed after the blood cells combine each others in groups and disturb different functions of human body ir-regulating them from their routine work. In simple word, irregular and incomplete group of blood cells is caused in this disease. There are many reasons of cancer. Some factors that area really damaging for causing this disease are tobacco, pollutants, smock, infections of different types, unhealthy activities, obesity etc. risk of this disease is increased with the age. In 2008 almost 14% of deaths were caused by this disease and this number is increasing with time. Different methods are used for treatment of this disease. Most famously known ways of this disease are radiotherapy, chemotherapy and surgery.

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Signs And Symptoms

For this disease there are no proper symptoms in starting of this disease. With the passage of time symptoms start to show upon an. They are generated in different ways depending upon the types of cancer. Some of the symptoms of brain cancer are headache, seizures and vertigo. Respiratory system causes cough, hemoptysis, dyspnea etc. lymph nodes cause lymphadenopathy. Liver causes hepatomegaly and skeletal causes pain, fractures and spinal cord extension. Different cancers cause different symptoms just like blockage of bronchial, cough, narrowing for the bowel, bleeding, blood in urine and abdomen.

Causes

There are different causes of this disease . mainly known causes of this diseases is environmental effect and merely genetic. Tobacco can cause cancer its chances are 25-30%. Obesity has percentage 30-35%. Infections have rate 15-20% and radiations 10%. Most of the time cancer is caused by different causes not due to just one.

Chemicals

Cancer is caused with excessive use of different carcinogen and alcoholic components. In Europe and western countries most of the patients having cancer are males and main reason for that is excessive use of alcohol. Mainly 10% males and 3% ladies are suffering from cancer. There are almost 50 kinds of carcinogens present in tobacco including aromatic hydrocarbons.  Most of the known disease is lung cancer. Including all this main cause for this disease is workplace. People in western countries are mostly caused by cancer on their work place because of benzene exposure, mesothelioma etc.

Diet And Exercise

Diet is a main factor while we discuss about this disease because according to some research 30-35% of cancer is caused by obesity.  Obesity increases the risk of cancer affecting immune system of human body and endocrine system. We should also avoid from meats and use vegetables. High salted eating’s are also injurious and linked to this disease. Exercise should be proper to avoid from obesity and be fit.

Radiations

Radiation also cause cancer. This is caused due to different radiation just like ultraviolet, having high frequency. Radiations can be ionizing or unionizing. On observing we see that  most of the time radiations cause more damage to our body than any other source of cancer. Just like if we talk about tumors they can take 10 years but radiations can ionize with 2 years duration. So cancer is more hilarious in case of radiation.